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African American Studies

Black LGBTQ+ Writers

Akwaeke Emezi

Akwaeke Emezi

Image sourceNational Book Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Biography: 

Awaeke Emezi is a Nigerian video artist and writer. She is of Igbo and Tamil heritage. Emezi earned a master's degree from New York University and has written articles that have appeared in publications and on websites, including the Cut, Vogue.com , Buzzfeed, Commonwealth Writers, and Granta online, In 2018, she released her first novel, Freshwater.

Excerpt above from: "Emezi, Akwaeke 1987–." (2019). Contemporary Authors, edited by Catherine C. DiMercurio, vol. 419, Gale, pp. 103-104. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2490800057/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=e808a66d.

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Alice Dunbar-Nelson

Alice Dunbar Nelson

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Author, poet, journalist, teacher, civil rights activist

Bright, bold, and beautiful, Alice Dunbar-Nelson had a racially ambiguous appearance and well-heeled rearing that allowed her to move easily between various social classes, ethnicities, and races in late-nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century America. Her experiences allowed her a unique perspective on society that she captured with uncanny precision, feeling, insight, and imagination in her writing. At the core of each of her works is a narrator. Whether it is herself, someone she knew, or someone she invented, her narrators lure readers into the lives of Americans whom they otherwise would not have had the inclination or opportunity to know during their real-life experience. To follow Dunbar-Nelson’s prose is to embark on a virtual journey into the little-known neighborhoods and homes of her era, witnessing upclose the timeless struggles, failings, sorrows, hopes, and valor of ordinary people—black, white, Creole, Cajun, the newly immigrated, or ethnically unspecified.

Excerpt above from: Walsh, Melissa. (2004). "Dunbar-Nelson, Alice 1875–1935." Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Ralph G. Zerbonia, et al., vol. 44, Gale, pp. 56-59. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3431000024/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=4e520c89.

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Alice Walker

Image sourceVirginia DeBolt, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Biography: 

One of the most prolific black writers in America and among the most important contemporary American writers, Walker is the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Color Purple, whose publication in 1982 made her an overnight literary celebrity. In novels, poetry, short stories, and essays, Walker writes about the black woman's struggle for spiritual wholeness and for sexual, political, and racial equality. Her work is an exploration of the individual identity of the black woman and how embracing her identity and bonding with other women affects the health of her community at large.

Excerpt above from: "Walker, Alice 1944–." (2008). Black Literature Criticism: Classic and Emerging Authors since 1950, edited by Jelena O. Krstovic, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Gale, pp. 366-383. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3079400096/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=293f21c5

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Angelina Weld Grimké

Angelina Weld Grimké

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A prominent poet and playwright before and during the Harlem Renaissance, Angelina Weld Grimké faded into near obscurity soon thereafter, seemingly because of a struggle between her bisexuality, on the one hand, and black middle-class expectations and her father's dominating will, on the other. The extent to which she felt sexually thwarted is evident in her poetry, especially in the poems that she never tried to have published, and in a diary she kept when she was in her twenties. Filled with images of longing, heartbreak, and death, these works offer a glimpse into the sense of despair and hopelessness that affected Grimké throughout much of her life and ultimately led her to give up writing altogether. Due to her limited literary output, Grimké has garnered less recognition than other Harlem Renaissance writers, but since the middle 1980s, she has received much needed critical attention, as scholars have recognized themes of same-sex desire in her work (although often ignoring her expressions of attraction to men).

Excerpt above from: Beemyn, Brett. (2004). "Grimké, Angelina Weld." Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America, edited by Marc Stein, vol. 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 470-471. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403600212/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=1d888b2e

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Audre Lorde

Audre Lorde

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The poet, novelist, and teacher Audre Geraldine Lorde was born in Harlem to West Indian parents. She described herself as "a black lesbian feminist mother lover poet." The exploration of pain, rage, and love in personal and political realms pervades her writing. Perhaps because Lorde did not speak until she was nearly five years old and also suffered from impaired vision, her passions were equally divided between a love of words and imagery and a devotion to speaking the truth, no matter how painful. Her objective, she stated, was to empower and encourage toward speech and action those in society who are often silenced and disfranchised.

Excerpt above from: King, N. R. (2006). "Lorde, Audre." Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 1339-1340. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3444700775/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=01b3cbf5

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Barbara Smith

Barbara Smith

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Writing on and organizing around issues of liberation for blacks, women, lesbians, and gay men, Barbara Smith is at the forefront of contemporary movements in connecting various forms of discrimination and liberation struggles. She demonstrates the importance of the intersections of race, gender, sexual orientation, and class in LGBT history.

Excerpt above from: Springer, Kimberly. (2004). "Smith, Barbara." Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America, edited by Marc Stein, vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 127-128. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403600478/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=351078c4.  

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Bayard Rustin

Bayard Rustin

Image source: New York World-Telegram and the Sun staff photographer: Wolfson, Stanley, photographer., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

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Bayard Rustin never stood directly in the media spotlight that shone upon other black activists, but his contributions as a strategist and tactician place him among the most influential of twentieth-century civil rights leaders. In a career spanning more than five decades, Rustin worked on behalf of equal rights with a variety of organizations—including the Communist party, labor unions, and pacifist groups—and exercised a leading role in the creation of two significant civil rights organizations: the Congress of Racial Equality and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Rustin was particularly instrumental in the development of the nonviolent protest movement that evolved from the Montgomery bus boycott associated with Martin Luther King, Jr. Although it was King who was catapulted into a position of national leadership by the boycott, it was Rustin, a man twenty years King’s senior, who provided much of the organizational know-how, political savvy, and theoretical underpinning for King’s civil rights victories.

Excerpt above from: Martin, Jonathan. (1993). "Rustin, Bayard 1910–1987." Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Barbara Carlisle Bigelow, vol. 4, Gale, pp. 210-214. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2870600060/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=20cbb7de

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bell hooks

bell hooks

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Writer, professor, and social critic bell hooks is one of the most successful “cross-over” academics of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. Her name, as well as the criticisms of racism and sexism that she has penned, have been central to many academic discussions, and they are also read widely outside of the educational arena. She has written more than 30 books, mainly focused on the functions of race, class, and gender in contemporary culture, and taking as their subjects movies, television, advertising, political events, socioeconomic conditions—anything that reflects social inequality. In the introduction to 1992's Black Looks: Race and Representation, hooks explained the fundamental political purpose of her cultural criticism: “It struck me that for black people, the pain of learning that we cannot control our images, how we see ourselves (if our vision is not decolonized), or how we are seen is so intense that it rends us. It rips and tears at the seams of our efforts to construct self and identify.”

Excerpt above from: Blanc, Ondine E. Le, and Margaret L. Moser. (2011). "Hooks, Bell 1952–." Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Margaret Mazurkiewicz, vol. 90, Gale, pp. 78-83. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1909000035/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=6f17c064

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George M. Johnson

George M. Johnson

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George M Johnson is an Award-Winning Black Non-Binary Writer, Author, and Executive Producer located in the LA area. They are the author of the New York Times Bestselling Author of the Young Adult memoir All Boys Aren’t Blue discussing their adolescence growing up as a young Black Queer boy in New Jersey through a series of powerful essays. The book was optioned for Television by Gabrielle Union.

As a former journalist, George has written for major outlets including Teen Vogue, Entertainment Tonight, NBC, and Buzzfeed. In 2019 was awarded the Salute to Excellence Award by the National Association of Black Journalists for their article “When Racism Anchors your Health” in Vice Magazine.

George was listed on The Root 100 Most Influential African Americans in 2020. The Out 100 Most Influential LGBTQ People in 2021. And in 2022 was honored as one of the TIME100 Next Most Influential People in the World.

Their second memoir WE ARE NOT BROKEN was released in September of 2021. It received the Carter G. Woodson Award which recognizes books that “accurately and sensitively depict the experience of one or more historically marginalized racial/ethnic groups in the United States”. The book also received the Nonfiction Honor Book in the YA category from the International Literacy Association.

Excerpt above fromhttps://iamgmjohnson.com/gmj-media-kit-new/ 

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Jacqueline Woodson

Jacqueline Woodson

Image sourceBengt Oberger, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

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Bringing tough issues to vibrant, memorable characters through lyrical, poignant writing, Jacqueline Woodson helps young readers and adults discover the value of self-identity. The author of over thirty books, Woodson specializes in young adult fiction and poetry but has also published nonfiction, books for middle grade readers, picture books, and titles for adults. Her works have amassed major literary awards including the National Book Award, the Margaret A. Edwards Award, Newbery Honor Book designations, Coretta Scott King Awards, and more. Diversity and self-acceptance tie together the works of this prolific author through the eyes of characters who feel they are on the outside. Characters represent people not often represented in middle grade or young adult fiction, and through their words and stories she offers points of view that broaden readers' perspectives on important realities in their own worlds. Woodson smashes stereotypes in her work when tragedy, love, and family come together in evocative, emotional situations to show the resilience and intelligence of young people. In response to winning the Edwards Award in 2006, Woodson said, “I feel compelled to write against stereotypes; hoping people will see that some issues know no color, class, sexuality.”

Excerpt above from: Alessio, Amy. (2018). "Woodson, Jacqueline (1964—)." American Writers, Supplement 28, edited by Jay Parini, Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 277-290. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3652400026/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=9f3670a1

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James Baldwin

James Baldwin

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Baldwin was one of the most important, and one of the least understood, writers of his generation. Beginning with one of his earliest essays, "The Preservation of Innocence," which appeared in the magazine Zero in 1949, he elaborated over the course of his career as a writer an unusually complex understanding of identity, one that puzzled many readers, even those who admired him. In this essay, which examined the homophobia of American society, Baldwin protested what he believed was the one-dimensional representation of homosexuals in American fiction and asserted, somewhat controversially, that it was "quite impossible to write a worthwhile novel about a Jew or a Gentile or a Homosexual, for people refuse, unhappily, to function in so neat and one dimensional a fashion" (p. 22). For Baldwin, categories of identity such as race, class, and sexuality could not be understood apart from each other, but rather needed to be analyzed in relation to other crosscutting axes of subordination and difference. Thus, homosexuals were never just homosexuals. They also had a race, a class, and a gender, a combination of identities that writers of gay and lesbian fiction tended to overlook in their attempts to expose homosexual oppression. By contrast, Baldwin attempted to show how individuals disabled by one set of oppressions (homophobia and classism, for example) could be empowered by another (racism and sexism, for example). For this reason, his work challenged the organization of identity in the period following World War II, which depended on the binary oppositions white/black, male/female, and straight/gay.

Excerpt above from: Corber, R. J. (2004). "Baldwin, James." Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America, edited by Marc Stein, vol. 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 110-112. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403600055/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=2d1a2ad4.

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June Jordan

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By the mid-1990s Jordan had become one of the country’s most prominent contemporary black women writers. A nationally renowned lecturer and activist, she has produced an extensive and varied body of work. In it she strongly affirms herself, her rights as a woman, her thoughts on black consciousness, and her ties to the African American community. Though she is best known for her intimate, powerfully direct poetry, Jordan has also written award-winning children’s fiction, highly charged nonfiction pieces, plays, and songs.

Excerpt above from: Sussman, Alison Carb. (1994). "Jordan, June 1936–." Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Barbara Carlisle Bigelow, vol. 7, Gale, pp. 149-153. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2870900043/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=53968287

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Lorraine Hansberry

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With her play A Raisin in the Sun (1959), Hansberry became the first African American and the youngest woman to ever win the prestigious New York Drama Critics Circle Award. A drama as much about class as race, the work traces the experiences of a black, blue-collar family whose members decide to move into a white neighborhood. The play's popularity proved that theatergoing audiences, Broadway producers, and critics alike were ready for dramas by and about African Americans to be a part of the New York theater scene. A Raisin in the Sun was, however, criticized by some militant blacks for what they viewed as assimilationist themes. Following the phenomenal success of A Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry continued to work as a dramatist and also wrote a collection of essays, though A Raisin in the Sun overshadowed the rest of her work throughout her short life.

Excerpt above from: "Hansberry, Lorraine 1930-1965." (2008). Black Literature Criticism: Classic and Emerging Authors since 1950, edited by Jelena O. Krstovic, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, pp. 119-135. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3079400051/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=7d5e3527

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M. Shelly Conner

M. Shelly Conner

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Chicago native M Shelly Conner spent her summers bouncing between her grandmother in Memphis and relatives in Los Angeles, reveling in the sprawl of the Great Migration. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Chicago. A multi-genre writer, she is the creator of the Quare Life web series and has published essays on dapperqueer aesthetics, black womanhood, self-sustainable living and their intersections in various publications including: the A.V. Club; the Grio; Playboy Magazine; and Crisis Magazine. An excerpt of everyman appears in the Obsidian Journal of Literature and Arts in the African Diaspora. Conner is assistant professor of creative writing at the University of Central Arkansas and lives with her wife and their dog Whiskey on their Arkansas homestead.

Excerpt above fromhttp://mshellyconner.com/ 

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In the course of only a few years Nella Larsen produced two of the most accomplished novels of the Harlem Renaissance, and she was considered one of the period's most promising authors. Her work reflects her own experiences as a biracial person (she was the daughter of a white mother and a black father), focusing on the issues of identity and belonging that she and others of mixed racial heritage faced. Larsen is credited with moving away from casting the biracial individual as a "tragic mulatto," a common practice in nineteenth-century novels, and achieving more complex portrayals. Critics also praise her sensitive explorations of the problems of women (especially black women) in search of fulfillment.

Excerpt above from: "Larsen, Nella." (2001). Harlem Renaissance, edited by Christine Slovey and Kelly King Howes, vol. 1, UXL, pp. 227-232. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3425700026/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=a7fd476e

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Pauli Murray

Pauli Murray

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As an activist, feminist, lawyer, and socialist, Pauli Murray was involved in some of the key social justice movements in the United States during the twentieth century. ... The broad spectrum of Murray's interests and activities tell only part of the story of her importance as a historical figure. In all of the spaces in which she operated, Murray sought to express the full complexity of her person as a southern-raised self-supporting African American woman radical who built lasting intimate relationships with women yet struggled with her same-sex desires and gender identity. Murray's efforts to embrace the multiple aspects of her identity, although not always visible or spoken, intertwined with and informed her political engagement.

Excerpt above from: Gore, Dayo Folayan. (2004). "Murray, Pauli." Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America, edited by Marc Stein, vol. 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 281-282. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403600342/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=3ade2332.  

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Roxane Gay

Roxane Gay

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Roxane Gay is an American writer of fiction and essays. Although she began publishing her work in the late 1990s, it was not until 2014 that she rose to literary prominence with the publication of her first novel, An Untamed State, and a collection of essays titled Bad Feminist. A survivor of childhood sexual assault, Gay is particularly concerned with writing about the experience of trauma and its aftermath. Her work also explores topics in contemporary popular culture as well as issues dealing with race, body image, sexuality, and desire.

Excerpt above from: Brown, E. (2017). "Gay, Roxane 1974—." Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Margaret Mazurkiewicz, vol. 136, Gale, pp. 43-45. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3757700022/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=94b26166

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Samantha Irby

Samantha Irby

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In her 2017 collection of essays, We Are Never Meeting in Real Life, Irby is “once again the inimitably candid, uber-confessional friend readers will happily spend a few hundred pages with,” according to Booklist reviewer Annie Bostrom. Here Irby writes about personal topics such as being black and fat or spending far too much time with her cat, eating junk food, and watching television. She also writes of her lesbian marriage, how to deal with money, and surviving relationships.

Excerpt above from: "Irby, Samantha." (2019). Contemporary Authors, edited by Catherine C. DiMercurio, vol. 418, Gale, pp. 177-179. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2490700089/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=46ef4760

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Samuel Delany

Samuel Delany

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A major gay and African American voice in science fiction, Samuel R. Delany is among today's most interesting intellectuals. Born in Harlem in New York City into a middle-class family that lived above his father's funeral home, Delany was educated at Dalton Elementary in Manhattan and the Bronx High School of Science, after which he briefly attended City College of New York. His career as a published science fiction writer began when, following the suggestion of his then-wife Marilyn Hacker, he submitted The Jewels of Aptor (1962) to Ace Books. Delany has published over thirty-five books and is a multiple winner of science fiction's highest honors: the World Science Fiction Society's Hugo Award and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America's Nebula Award. Other honors include the Pilgrim Award for excellence in science fiction scholarship, the Bill Whitehead Award for Lifetime Achievement in Gay and Lesbian Writing, and a 2002 induction into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame. Delany lives in New York City, the inspiration, topic, and setting for much of his work.

Delany's science fiction analyzes the systems of the world; it reveals social, political, economic, as well as sexual norms to be matters of convention rather than nature. In his hands, science fiction reaches its full potential as a tool for imagining the world differently.

Excerpt above from: Tucker, J. A. (2004). "Delany, Samuel R." Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America, edited by Marc Stein, vol. 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 295-296. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403600144/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=d31425b7.

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Wallace Thurman

Wallace Thurman

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Thurman is best known today for his novels The Blacker the Berry (1929), an examination of intraracial prejudice, and Infants of the Spring (1932), a roman à clef and satire of the Harlem Renaissance offering thinly disguised depictions of most of the well-known members of the Harlem intelligentsia. The climax of The Blacker the Berry, the revelation of the dark-skinned heroine's light-skinned lover's bisexuality, provides striking evidence of Thurman's conflicted relationship to both his homosexual desires and his own physical blackness. However, Thurman's major and significantly more positive contribution to the homosexual culture of the period was and remains Infants of the Spring. In this novel, the character of Paul Arbian, based on Richard Bruce Nugent, the Harlem Renaissance figure who came closest to being "out" in the modern sense, places Thurman directly in the line of queer expression stemming from the self-conscious aestheticism of Oscar Wilde. In fact, it is the essential "queerness," racially and sexually, of Thurman's novels that may have led to his relative absence from early discussions of the Harlem Renaissance and to his still unstable and marginalized position in the canon of significant African American writers.

Excerpt above from: Rowden, Terry. (2004). "Thurman, Wallace." Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America, edited by Marc Stein, vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 191. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403600506/GVRL?u=rive58327&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=160966cf

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