Text encoding is the process of transforming bytes of data into readable characters for users of a system or program. It is also the process of making the various human languages interpretable to computers.
The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a consortium which collectively develops and maintains a standard for the representation of texts in digital form.
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.